By: April Carson
Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon that has puzzled scientists for centuries. It occurs when two particles become linked and interact in ways that defy traditional laws of physics. Through the observation of entangled particles, researchers have been able to establish connections between them, even if they are separated by vast distances. These particles could be, for example, electrons or photons, and an aspect could be the state it is in, such as whether it is “spinning” in one direction or another.
Three groundbreaking scientists earned the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics for elucidating quantum entanglement, one of Nature's most enigmatic occurrences. These great minds were able to show that two particles could be linked together in such a way that they can influence one another no matter how far apart they are.
The bizarre aspect of quantum entanglement is that measuring something about one particle immediately reveals information about its mate, even if the two are millions of light years apart. This instantaneous connection between these particles appears to break a fundamental law in our universe, leading Albert Einstein to nickname it "spooky action at a distance".
Since Einstein's time, scientists have been unraveling the mysterious nature of quantum entanglement. They are beginning to understand the implications that this has on our understanding of the universe and its potential applications in technology. For instance, quantum entanglement could be used to securely transmit information over vast distances with no possibility of interception. Additionally, entanglement has been proposed as a means to build powerful computers that would be able to solve problems at lightning speed.
Despite the adversity, researchers persevered to determine whether quantum entanglement was truly a phenomenon. Of course, who could blame them for being apprehensive? After all, even Einstein had his doubts! It took innovative experimental techniques and brave scientists to finally confirm its existence in the 1970s.
Quantum mechanics proposes that particles can exist in multiple states until we look at them, a concept demonstrated through Schrödinger's renowned thought experiment of a cat that is both deceased and alive concurrently.
To gain a better grasp of the mysteriousness of quantum entanglement, we must first comprehend quantum superposition. This concept proposes that particles can be in multiple states all at once. When someone assesses it, it is as if the particle randomly picks one state from its various ones within the superposition.
Quantum entanglement takes this concept a step further. It couples two particles together and once they are entangled, the two become intrinsically linked with one another regardless of how far apart they may be.
Take, for instance, the spin attribute of particles. The analyzer registers this as either "up" or "down," but before it is measured, it exists in a combined state – with both “spin up” and “spin down” present simultaneously.
A likelihood of success is associated with each state, and it's possible to forecast an average result from multiple assessments. The possibility of a single measurement is high or low relies on these probabilities yet is itself random.
The results of countless experiments and mathematics suggest that quantum mechanics is an accurate reflection of our physical reality, although it may seem unusual.
The astonishing phenomena of quantum entanglement stem from the idea of quantum superposition, something that was recognized by the pioneers of quantum mechanics in the 1920s and 1930s.
To generate entangled particles, divide a system into two parts where the total of both is well-known. For instance, you can break a particle with an overall spin amounting to zero and form two exact opposites that have opposite spins so that their sum sums up to nothing.
The correlation between the two particles is what lies at the heart of quantum entanglement. This means that if one particle is measured, then the other particle will correspondingly take on a particular state with no further interaction.
In 1935, Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen created a paper that used a thought experiment to present the apparent absurdity of quantum entanglement - something which denied one of the universe's basic laws.
The paper, now known as the EPR paradox, showed that if two particles were entangled and a measurement was made on one particle, then the other particle would immediately take on a particular state. This directly contradicted Einstein's belief in local realism - he argued that no information could travel faster than the speed of light.
David Bohm created a thought experiment to demonstrate the decay of pi meson particles, which when decaying produce an electron and positron that have opposite spins and move away from each other. If one measures the spin of the electron as "up," then it logically follows that we can measure the spin of its counterpart -the positron- as "down." This rule is true regardless if they are billions distant from each other.
For the electron spin to be accurately measured, it must always be up and for the positron's spin measurement to remain accurate, it must stay down. Unfortunately, due to quantum mechanics, each particle's spin is a combination of both until observed. As soon as any one of these particles is quantified though, their states will abruptly change into either an upwards or downward direction - forcing the other participant in this behavior pattern to instantly switch its orientation into the reverse position.
This suggests that particles must be conversing with one another in some way other than moving faster than the speed of light, which is impossible according to physical laws. How could it possibly be possible for a particle's state in one location to determine the same particle's exact condition located much further away at such an instant?
Extensive experimentation and research have provided the scientific community with a plethora of theories concerning the phenomenon of quantum entanglement.
The concept of “superposition”, which states that particles can exist in various forms simultaneously until their states are measured or altered by an external factor, has been identified as a primary suspect in this bizarre scenario.
One theory suggests that entanglement occurs when two particles become linked, allowing them to exchange information instantaneously regardless of the distance between them.
This allows for the particles to maintain a “quantum connection” with one another and it is this connection that appears to be responsible for their simultaneous behavior.
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April Carson is the daughter of Billy Carson. She received her bachelor's degree in Social Sciences from Jacksonville University, where she was also on the Women's Basketball team. She now has a successful clothing company that specializes in organic baby clothes and other items. Take a look at their most popular fall fashions on bossbabymav.com
To read more of April's blogs, check out her website! She publishes new blogs on a daily basis, including the most helpful mommy advice and baby care tips! Follow on IG @bossbabymav
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